Across these specialised domains, in vivo studies can be complemented by targeted in vitro and cell‑based assays, including:
- Cell characterisation and phenotyping (flow cytometry, ICC/IF)
- Inflammatory and immune‑modulation assays (MSD multiplex, ELISA, qPCR)
- Cytotoxicity and biocompatibility profiling (MTT, LDH, apoptosis/necrosis)
- Functional assays (migration, secretion profiling)
These assays support mechanism validation, candidate ranking and biomarker selection.



